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''Helix'' is a genus of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. 〔 Rosenberg, G.; Bouchet, P. (2014). Helix Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153970 on 2015-02-24 〕 This genus is native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea. ''Helix'' is the type genus of the family Helicidae. The best-known species include ''Helix aspersa'', the common, or brown garden snail, and ''Helix pomatia'', the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail. ''H. pomatia'' and some other species are eaten as escargots. ''Helix'' snails have been introduced throughout the world, where some, especially ''H. aspersa'', have become garden pests. The genus ''Helix'' is known from the Oligocene on.〔Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001) Encyklopedie zkamenělin. – Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 126. (in Czech)〕 Snails in this genus create and use love darts during mating. == Species == Subgenera and species within the genus ''Helix'' include today: Subgenus ''Helix'' * ''Helix albescens'' Rossmaessler, 1839 * ''Helix lucorum'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Helix pomatia'' Linnaeus, 1758 - Burgundy Snail, Roman Snail, Edible Snail * ''Helix philibinensis'' Rossmässler, 1839 Subgenus ''Pelasga'' * ''Helix pomacella'' Mousson, 1854 * ''Helix figulina'' Rossmässler, 1839 Subgenus ''Cornu'' *''Helix aspersa'' Müller, 1774 - brown garden snail or common garden snail also known as ''Cantareus aspersus'' and ''Cornu aspersum'' Subgenus ? *''Helix aperta'' Born, 1778 *''Helix engaddensis'' Bourguinat, 1852 - Levantine field snail * ''Helix buchi'' Dubois de Montpéreux, 1839 (largest species of the genus ''Helix'', a synonym〔Sysoev, A. & Schileyko, A. 2009. Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. - pp. 1-312, Fig. 1-142. Sofia. (Pensoft).〕 is ''Helix goderdziana'' Mumladze, Tarkhnishvili & Pokryszko, 2008〔Mumladze L., Tarkhnishvili D. & Pokryszko B.M. 2008. ''A new species of the genus Helix from the Lesser Caucasus (sw Georgia)''. Journal of Conchology, volume: 39, part 5, page 483, published June 2008. (abstract )〕). *''Helix godetiana''〔Mylonas, M. 1996. Helix godetiana. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. *† ''Helix insignis'' - late Miocene *''Helix lutescens'' Rossmässler, 1837 * ''Helix mazzullii'' - also known as ''Cantareus mazzullii'' *''Helix melanostoma'' Draparnaud, 1801 *''Helix obruta'' Morelet, 1860〔Frias-Martin, A. 1996. Helix obruta. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. *''Helix texta'' Mousson, 1861〔Heller, J. 1996. Helix texta. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Helix afra'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Pedipes pedipes'' (Bruguière, 1789) * ''Helix amarula'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Thiara amarula'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix ambigua'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Fossarus ambiguus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix ampullacea'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Pila ampullacea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix auricularia'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Radix auricularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix australis'' Férussac, 1821: synonym of ''Austrosuccinea australis'' (Férussac, 1821) * ''Helix complanata'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Hippeutis complanatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix contorta'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Bathyomphalus contortus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix corallina'' Chemnitz, 1795: synonym of ''Scalenostoma subulatum'' (Broderip, 1832) * ''Helix coriacea'' Pallas, 1788: synonym of ''Velutina coriacea'' (Pallas, 1788) * ''Helix cornuarietis'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Marisa cornuarietis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix corvus'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Corvusiana corvus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Helix cyclostomoides'' Pfeiffer, 1840: synonym of ''Vitrinella cyclostomoides'' (Pfeiffer, 1840) * ''Helix decussata'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Rissoina decussata'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Helix depressa'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Skeneopsis planorbis'' (O. Fabricius, 1780) * ''Helix eburnea'' Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of ''Melanella eburnea'' (Mühlfeld, 1824) * ''Helix fasciata'' Adams J., 1800: synonym of ''Lacuna parva'' (da Costa, 1778) * ''Helix fasciolata'' Spix in Wagner, 1827: synonym of ''Asolene crassa'' (Swainson, 1823) * ''Helix flavocincta'' Mühlfeld, 1829: synonym of ''Eulima glabra'' (da Costa, 1778) * ''Helix fossaria'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Galba truncatula'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) * ''Helix fragilis'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Lymnaea fragilis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix fulgidus'' Adams J., 1797: synonym of ''Eatonina fulgida'' (Adams J., 1797) * ''Helix glabrata'' Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of ''Pisinna glabrata'' (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824) * ''Helix glauca'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Pomacea glauca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix haliotoidea'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Sinum haliotoideum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix janthina'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Janthina janthina'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix janthina'' Linnaeus, 1764: synonym of ''Janthina prolongata'' Blainville, 1822: synonym of ''Janthina globosa'' Swainson, 1822 * ''Helix labiosa'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Rissoa membranacea'' (J. Adams, 1800) * ''Helix lacuna'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Lacuna parva'' (da Costa, 1778) * ''Helix laevigata'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Velutina velutina'' (O. F. Müller, 1776) * ''Helix littorina'' delle Chiaje, 1828: synonym of ''Paludinella littorina'' (delle Chiaje, 1828): synonym of ''Melarhaphe neritoides'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix margarita'' Montagu, 1808: synonym of ''Margarites helicinus'' (Phipps, 1774) * ''Helix mespillum'' Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of ''Echinolittorina mespillum'' (Mühlfeld, 1824) * ''Helix neritina'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Pomacea glauca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix neritoidea'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Sinum neritoideum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix neritoidea'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Lamellaria perspicua'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix nutans'' Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of ''Melanella nutans'' (Mühlfeld, 1824) * ''Helix oculuscommunis'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Pomacea glauca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix otis'' Turton, 1819: synonym of ''Otina ovata'' (Brown, 1827) * ''Helix paradoxa'' Born, 1778: synonym of ''Chrysostoma paradoxum'' (Born, 1778) * ''Helix perspicua'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Lamellaria perspicua'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix petraea'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Melarhaphe neritoides'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix platae'' Maton, 1811: synonym of ''Asolene platae'' (Maton, 1811) * ''Helix priamus'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Ampulla priamus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Helix purpurea'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Cantharidus purpureus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Helix scabra'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Littoraria scabra'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix scarabaeus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Pythia scarabaeus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix serpuloides'' Montagu, 1808: synonym of ''Skenea serpuloides'' (Montagu, 1808) * ''Helix solida'' Born, 1778: synonym of ''Phasianella solida'' (Born, 1778) * ''Helix stagnalis'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix stagnorum'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''Heleobia stagnorum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Semisalsa stagnorum'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Helix subcarinata'' Montagu, 1803: synonym of ''Tornus subcarinatus'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Helix subcylindrica'' Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of ''Truncatella subcylindrica'' (Linnaeus, 1767) * ''Helix sulphurea'' C. B. Adams, 1849: synonym of ''Tonna pennata'' (Mörch, 1853) * ''Helix tentaculata'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''Bithynia tentaculata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix terebellum'' O. F. Müller, 1774: synonym of ''Pyramidella dolabrata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Helix variabilis'' Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of ''Rissoa variabilis'' (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) Some taxonomists remove the species "''Helix aperta''", "''Helix aspersa''", and "''Helix mazzullii''" from the genus ''Helix'' and place them in their own monotypic genera as ''Cantareus apertus'', ''Cornu aspersum''〔(The Cornu Problem )〕 and ''Cantareus mazzullii''. At the beginning in the mid-1700s the generic name ''Helix'' had been used for almost all terrestrial gastropods, later this was restricted to species with helicoid habitus, including zonitids and other groups. In the course of the 1800s more groups were removed, but prior to 1900 several thousand helicid and hygromiid species of Europe and abroad had still been classified in the genus ''Helix''.〔(Westerlund, C. A. 1889. ) Fauna der in der paläarctischen Region (Europa, Kaukasien, Sibirien, Turan, Persien, Kurdistan, Armenien, Mesopotamien, Kleinasien, Syrien, Arabien, Egypten, Tripolis, Tunesien, Algerien und Marocco) lebenden Binnenconchylien. II. Gen. Helix. - pp. 1-473, 1-31, 1-8. Berlin. (Friedländer).〕〔(Pfeiffer, L. & Clessin, S. 1881. ) Nomenclator heliceorum viventium quo continetur nomina omnium hujus familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum, disposita ex affinitate naturali. - pp. 1-617. Cassellis. (Fischer).〕 It was only in the early 1900s that the genus was split up into many separate genera, leaving only some 30 species closely related to its type species ''Helix pomatia'' in the genus ''Helix''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helix (gastropod)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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